Explorations of Female Participation in STEM Education

Explorations of

Female Participation

in STEM Education

What?

STEM is an acronym for the academic disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics and Computer Science. The importance of STEM education has been emphasized time and time again as it considered by many to be the key to innovation and job prospects. Examples of STEM occupations include:
  • Biological Technician
  • Software Programmer or Developer
  • Civic Engineer
  • Meteorologist
  • Statistician
  • Chemist
  • IT Specialist
  • Astronomer
As technology continues to evolve and expand at lightning speed, it is no wonder that candidates with a STEM background are becoming more and more desired by employers. With healthcare and high-tech jobs on the rise, the STEM field allows student an increased chance of getting hired after graduation and a higher salary.

Why?

The lack of female representation in STEM has garnered a considerable amount of scrutiny in Canada. Although the nation has made significant strides towards the commitment to gender equality, women continue to be underrepresented in STEM academia. To understand why, we have to set our sights on the past. Using data from Canada's 2016 census, we will examine STEM degree and certificate holders by province and highest level of education attained to observe in which groups the gender gap persist the most and the least.

How?

Statistics Canada conducts the census every five years via paper or online questionnaire. The data used for this visualization is a subset that consists of STEM graduates and is organized by highest education level achieved, age group, and province.

Original Visualization

STEM Graduates by Gender (2016)

All Graduates
Science and Science Technology Grads
Engineering and Engineering Technology Grads
Math and Computer and Information Grads

Visualization Variation 1

STEM Graduates by Gender (2016)

All Graduates
Science and Science Technology Grads
Engineering and Engineering Technology Grads
Math and Computer and Information Grads

This variation uses grouped instead of stacked bars to show male and female graduate numbers side by side. I found grouped bars to be more efficient at representing raw data that is not normalized because each bar is at the same level as each other. This makes it easier to discern the differences between male and female graduate amounts for multiple provinces. For example, if we want to know how the female graduate count for Alberta compares with other provinces, we just simply focus on the length of the rest of the plotted green bars.

Visualization Variation 2

STEM Graduation Rate by Gender (2016)

All Graduates
All Graduates with STEM Group Details
Science and Science Technology Grads
Engineering and Engineering Technology Grads
Math and Computer and Information Grads

Variation 2 is a stacked bar plot of STEM graduation rates by gender. In other words, it displays the male and female share percentages for the selected STEM grouping and subset (province/territory, educational attainment, or age group). What I like about this variation is that the data for each province is clearly visible unlike variation 1, where the data for certain provinces cannot be seen due to its smallness. Furthermore, because each bar has the same length of 1.0, female and male graduation rates can easily be compared across different categories without having to do any mental calculations.

Visualization Variation 3

Female Share of STEM Graduates (2016)

All Graduates
Science and Science Technology Grads
Engineering and Engineering Technology Grads
Math and Computer and Information Grads

Variation 3 is a basic bar graph illustrating the female share percentages for the selected STEM grouping and subset. I created five rankings for female share percentages and assigned a color to each ranking. I believe that the use of shades helps the reader discern the magnitude of a female share percentage easily. By glancing at the visualization, the reader should naturally deduct that the darker shade of green a bar is, the higher its value is. I made the y-axis domain go from 0 to 1.0 because I wanted to show how female share is usually less than 0.5, indicating a lack of gender diversity across different categories.

Final Iteration

Click here to see how I built upon Visualization Variation 3 to create the finalized version.